HIV/AIDS and the position of women in Indonesia
HIV and AIDS in Indonesia
HIV prevalence in adults is approximately 0.1%. This percentage loosely represents about 100,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. Almost five times more men than women are HIV+. Although prevalence is currently low, epidemiological modelling shows that, given the current circumstances, another 80,000 could contract HIV in a single year. Indonesia is thus poised for a major epidemic.
The two most affected islands are Java and Papua. The highest concentration of people living with HIV are to be found in Jakarta and Surabaya, with 60% of all new cases of HIV in these cities in young men aged 15-29. Injecting drug use in the large cities of Java has become a significant transmission route. In Jakarta HIV prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) rose from zero to 47% between 1997 and 2001. The majority of IDUs in Jakarta are young and sexually active, and overall condom use is very low, thought to be less than 10%. So rapid sexual transmission of HIV to the wider population is likely.
In Papua, HIV is more closely related to poverty and migration, and the sex industry associated with both. Papua’s mining industry provides employment for young men throughout Indonesia, and a lucrative pool of clients for sex workers from Papua and other islands. The jobs in the mining industry tend to be short term, however, causing young men to come and go, thus facilitating HIV spread.
Sex work in Indonesia is not limited to Papua. There are an estimated 190,000-270,000 female sex workers in Indonesia and clients of sex workers number between seven and ten million. Current sex work conditions are certain to be a key factor in the spread of HIV in Indonesia. There is a low level of condom use, partly due to the fact that sex workers are afraid to carry them, as police sometimes view them as evidence of prostitution.
Position of women in Indonesia
Despite a variation in the status of women across different areas of Indonesia, Indonesian traditions in general place women in the role of homemaker and caregiver. This view is explicitly mentioned in the country’s constitution and in the government’s main development policy. The policy states that women’s participation in the development process must not conflict with their role in improving family welfare and the education of the younger generation, and it includes a role as wife and mother among women’s duties.
Overall, violence against women is on the rise. The National Commission on Violence Against Women, established after the mass rape of Chinese Indonesian women in Jakarta in May 1998, reported 14,020 cases of violence against women in 2005. This is nearly double the figure reported in 2004. The response to violence against women is poor at various levels: discrimination exists throughout the justice system; violence at home is considered a family affair, with women keeping silent for the sake of family honour; and women lack knowledge of their legal rights.
A law was passed in 2004 that provides a framework for government, police and community responses to domestic violence, and criminalises marital rape. Nationwide, the police operate “special crisis rooms” or “women’s desks” where female officers can receive criminal reports from victims of violence and where victims can find temporary shelter. The Indonesian government recently announced a policy of ‘zero tolerance’ of violence against women, which is supposed to result in educational programmes, campaigns and legislative reform.
The Indonesian constitution provides for protection from discrimination to all, but it allows for civil law, customary and religious marriages to coexist, and therefore monogamy and polygamy. According to Indonesian Islamic laws in certain states, a guardian may arrange a marriage for a daughter or granddaughter who is under 16 (the civil law marriage age for girls) without her consent, if she is a “virgin”.
Recent developments in the status of Indonesian women include a draft law against pornography. This law, specifically targeting women, provides strict guidelines for clothing, behaviour and mobility. It would, for example, declare bus stations off-limits to women after sundown. Some argue this is a veiled and renewed attempt to oblige the State to enforce shariah.
The incidence of poverty in Indonesia is significantly higher among female-headed households. Women have fewer opportunities to participate in economic activities. When they are able to work they tend to have more precarious job situations, with lower paying, lower level jobs, often hired as day labourers rather than full time permanent employees in manufacturing. They are regularly paid less than men for the same work.
HIV and AIDS in Indonesia
HIV prevalence in adults is approximately 0.1%. This percentage loosely represents about 100,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. Almost five times more men than women are HIV+. Although prevalence is currently low, epidemiological modelling shows that, given the current circumstances, another 80,000 could contract HIV in a single year. Indonesia is thus poised for a major epidemic.
The two most affected islands are Java and Papua. The highest concentration of people living with HIV are to be found in Jakarta and Surabaya, with 60% of all new cases of HIV in these cities in young men aged 15-29. Injecting drug use in the large cities of Java has become a significant transmission route. In Jakarta HIV prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) rose from zero to 47% between 1997 and 2001. The majority of IDUs in Jakarta are young and sexually active, and overall condom use is very low, thought to be less than 10%. So rapid sexual transmission of HIV to the wider population is likely.
In Papua, HIV is more closely related to poverty and migration, and the sex industry associated with both. Papua’s mining industry provides employment for young men throughout Indonesia, and a lucrative pool of clients for sex workers from Papua and other islands. The jobs in the mining industry tend to be short term, however, causing young men to come and go, thus facilitating HIV spread.
Sex work in Indonesia is not limited to Papua. There are an estimated 190,000-270,000 female sex workers in Indonesia and clients of sex workers number between seven and ten million. Current sex work conditions are certain to be a key factor in the spread of HIV in Indonesia. There is a low level of condom use, partly due to the fact that sex workers are afraid to carry them, as police sometimes view them as evidence of prostitution.
Position of women in Indonesia
Despite a variation in the status of women across different areas of Indonesia, Indonesian traditions in general place women in the role of homemaker and caregiver. This view is explicitly mentioned in the country’s constitution and in the government’s main development policy. The policy states that women’s participation in the development process must not conflict with their role in improving family welfare and the education of the younger generation, and it includes a role as wife and mother among women’s duties.
Overall, violence against women is on the rise. The National Commission on Violence Against Women, established after the mass rape of Chinese Indonesian women in Jakarta in May 1998, reported 14,020 cases of violence against women in 2005. This is nearly double the figure reported in 2004. The response to violence against women is poor at various levels: discrimination exists throughout the justice system; violence at home is considered a family affair, with women keeping silent for the sake of family honour; and women lack knowledge of their legal rights.
A law was passed in 2004 that provides a framework for government, police and community responses to domestic violence, and criminalises marital rape. Nationwide, the police operate “special crisis rooms” or “women’s desks” where female officers can receive criminal reports from victims of violence and where victims can find temporary shelter. The Indonesian government recently announced a policy of ‘zero tolerance’ of violence against women, which is supposed to result in educational programmes, campaigns and legislative reform.
The Indonesian constitution provides for protection from discrimination to all, but it allows for civil law, customary and religious marriages to coexist, and therefore monogamy and polygamy. According to Indonesian Islamic laws in certain states, a guardian may arrange a marriage for a daughter or granddaughter who is under 16 (the civil law marriage age for girls) without her consent, if she is a “virgin”.
Recent developments in the status of Indonesian women include a draft law against pornography. This law, specifically targeting women, provides strict guidelines for clothing, behaviour and mobility. It would, for example, declare bus stations off-limits to women after sundown. Some argue this is a veiled and renewed attempt to oblige the State to enforce shariah.
The incidence of poverty in Indonesia is significantly higher among female-headed households. Women have fewer opportunities to participate in economic activities. When they are able to work they tend to have more precarious job situations, with lower paying, lower level jobs, often hired as day labourers rather than full time permanent employees in manufacturing. They are regularly paid less than men for the same work.
3 comments:
There are some natural remedies that can be used in the prevention and eliminate diabetes totally. However, the single most important aspect of a diabetes control plan is adopting a wholesome life style Inner Peace, Nutritious and Healthy Diet, and Regular Physical Exercise. A state of inner peace and self-contentment is essential to enjoying a good physical health and over all well-being. The inner peace and self contentment is a just a state of mind.People with diabetes diseases often use complementary and alternative medicine. I diagnosed diabetes in 2000. Was at work feeling unusually tired and sleepy. I borrowed a glucometer from a co-worker and tested at 760. Went immediately to my doctor and he gave me prescription like: Insulin ,Sulfonamides, but I could not get the cure rather to reduce the pain and brink back the pain again. I found a woman testimony name Comfort online how Dr Akhigbe cure her HIV and I also contacted the doctor and after I took his medication as instructed, I am now completely free from diabetes by doctor Akhigbe herbal medicine.So diabetes patients reading this testimony to contact his email drrealakhigbe@gmail.com or his Number +2348142454860 He also use his herbal herbs to diseases like:SPIDER BITE, SCHIZOPHRENIA, LUPUS,EXTERNAL INFECTION, COMMON COLD, JOINT PAIN, BODY PAIN, EPILEPSY,STROKE,TUBERCULOSIS ,STOMACH DISEASE. ECZEMA, PROGERIA, EATING DISORDER, LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION, DIABETICS,HERPES,HIV/AIDS, ;ALS, CANCER , MENINGITIS,HEPATITIS A AND B, THYROID, ASTHMA, HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASE. AUTISM, NAUSEA VOMITING OR DIARRHEA,KIDNEY DISEASE, WEAK ERECTION. EYE TWITCHING PAINFUL OR IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION.Dr Akhigbe is a good man and he heal any body that come to him. here is email drrealakhigbe@gmail.com and his Number +2349010754824
There are some natural remedies that can be used in the prevention and eliminate diabetes totally. However, the single most important aspect of a diabetes control plan is adopting a wholesome life style Inner Peace, Nutritious and Healthy Diet, and Regular Physical Exercise. A state of inner peace and self-contentment is essential to enjoying a good physical health and over all well-being. The inner peace and self contentment is a just a state of mind.People with diabetes diseases often use complementary and alternative medicine. I diagnosed diabetes in 2000. Was at work feeling unusually tired and sleepy. I borrowed a glucometer from a co-worker and tested at 760. Went immediately to my doctor and he gave me prescription like: Insulin ,Sulfonamides, but I could not get the cure rather to reduce the pain and brink back the pain again. I found a woman testimony name Comfort online how Dr Akhigbe cure her HIV and I also contacted the doctor and after I took his medication as instructed, I am now completely free from diabetes by doctor Akhigbe herbal medicine.So diabetes patients reading this testimony to contact his email drrealakhigbe@gmail.com or his Number +2348142454860 He also use his herbal herbs to diseases like:SPIDER BITE, SCHIZOPHRENIA, LUPUS,EXTERNAL INFECTION, COMMON COLD, JOINT PAIN, BODY PAIN, EPILEPSY,STROKE,TUBERCULOSIS ,STOMACH DISEASE. ECZEMA, PROGERIA, EATING DISORDER, LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION, DIABETICS,HERPES,HIV/AIDS, ;ALS, CANCER , MENINGITIS,HEPATITIS A AND B, THYROID, ASTHMA, HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASE. AUTISM, NAUSEA VOMITING OR DIARRHEA,KIDNEY DISEASE, WEAK ERECTION. EYE TWITCHING PAINFUL OR IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION.Dr Akhigbe is a good man and he heal any body that come to him. here is email drrealakhigbe@gmail.com and his Number +2349010754824
La grande phytothérapie du Dr Imoloa est le remède parfait contre le virus du VIH, j'ai été diagnostiquée séropositive pendant 8 ans et chaque jour je cherche toujours des recherches pour trouver le moyen idéal de me débarrasser de cette terrible maladie car je sais toujours ce que nous en avons besoin parce que notre santé est sur terre. Ainsi, lors de ma recherche sur Internet, j'ai vu plusieurs témoignages sur la manière dont le Dr Imoloa peut guérir le VIH grâce à de puissantes plantes médicinales. J'ai décidé de contacter cet homme, je l'ai contacté pour des médicaments à base de plantes que j'ai reçus via le service de messagerie DHL. Et il m'a guidé comment. Je lui ai demandé une solution pour prendre des plantes médicinales pendant deux semaines. Et puis il m'a demandé d'aller vérifier ce que je faisais. Regardez-moi (VIH NÉGATIF). Merci à Dieu pour le Dr Imoloa d'avoir utilisé un puissant remède à base de plantes pour me guérir. il a également un remède contre des maladies telles que la maladie de Parkison, le cancer du vagin, l'épilepsie, les troubles anxieux, les maladies auto-immunes, les maux de dos, les entorses, le trouble bipolaire, les tumeurs cérébrales, les tumeurs malignes, le bruxisme, la boulimie, la discopathie cervicale, les maladies cardiovasculaires, les maladies cardiovasculaires, entorses, trouble bipolaire, tumeurs cérébrales, malignes, bruxisme, boulimie, discopathie cervicale, maladie cardiovasculaire, maladie cardiovasculaire, entorses, trouble bipolaire, tumeurs cérébrales, malignes, bruxisme, boulimie, discopathie cervicale, maladie cardiovasculaire, maladies respiratoires chroniques, mentale et troubles du comportement, fibrose kystique, hypertension, diabète, asthme, arthrite à médiation auto-immune. Maladie rénale chronique, arthrite, maux de dos, impuissance, spectre de l'alcool feta, troubles dysthymiques, eczéma, cancer de la peau, tuberculose, syndrome de fatigue chronique, constipation, maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin, cancer des os, cancer du poumon, plaies buccales, cancer de la bouche, douleurs corporelles, fièvre, hépatite ABC, syphilis, diarrhée, maladie de Huntington, acné du dos, insuffisance rénale chronique, maladie d'Addison, maladie chronique, maladie de Crohn, fibrose kystique, fibromyalgie, maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin, maladie fongique des ongles, paralysie, maladie coeliaque, lymphome, dépression majeure , Mélanome malin, manie, mélorhéostose, maladie de Ménière, mucopolysaccharidose, sclérose en plaques, dystrophie musculaire, polyarthrite rhumatoïde, maladie d'Alzheimer, e-mail - drimolaherbalmademedicine@gmail.com.
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