Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell death

T-cell polarization events. A scanning electron microscopy micrograph of a T cell forming a leading edge and a well evident uropod. The inset indicates the actin cytoskeleton beneath the cell uropod. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows the polarization of CD4 antigen on the surface of the uropod, the arrangement of Rho molecule in the uropod cytoplasm and LFA-1 integrin expression at the leading edge. Methods are reported in Parlato et al. ⁸⁶ Yellow box indicates agents able to induce T-cell polarization, molecules involved in uropod-associated cell signaling and the cytoskeletal elements known to modulate uropod formation